TEIガイドラインP5

8.3.1 UtterancesTEI: Utterances¶

Use of the who attribute to associate the utterance with aparticular speaker is recommended but not required. Its use implies asa further requirement that all speakers be identified by aperson or personGrp element in the TEIheader (see section 15.2.2 The Participant Description). Where utterances cannot beattributed with confidence to any particular participant or group ofparticipants, the encoder may choose to define‘participants’ such as all orvarious.

An utterance may contain either running text, or text within whichother basic structural elements are nested. Where such nesting occurs,the who attribute is considered to be inherited for theelements pause, vocal, shift andkinesic; that is, a pause or shift (etc.) within an utteranceis regarded as being produced by that speaker only, while a pausebetween utterances applies to all speakers.

8.3.2 PausingTEI: Pausing¶

8.3.3 Vocal, Kinesic, IncidentTEI: Vocal, Kinesic, Incident¶

The who attribute should be used to specify the person orgroup responsible for a vocal, kinesic, or incident which is containedwithin an utterance, if this differs from that of the enclosingutterance. The attribute must be supplied for a vocal, kinesic, or incidentwhich is not contained within an utterance.

The iterated attribute may be used to indicate that thevocal, kinesic, or incident is repeated, for example laughter as opposed to laugh.These should both be distinguished from laughing,where what is being encoded is a shift in voice quality. For this lastcase, the shift element discussed in section 8.3.6 Shifts should be used.

The extent to which encoding of incidents or kinesics is included in atranscription will depend entirely on the purpose for which thetranscription was made. As elsewhere, this will depend on theparticular research agenda and the extent to which their presence isfelt to be significant for the interpretation of spoken interactions.

8.3.4 WritingTEI: Writing¶

8.3.5 Temporal InformationTEI: Temporal Information¶

As noted above, utterances, vocals, pauses, kinesics, incidents,and writing elements all inherit attributes providing informationabout their position in time from the classes att.timed and att.duration. These attributes can be used tolink parts of the transcription very exactly with points on atimeline, or simply to indicate their duration. Note that ifstart and end point to when elementswhose temporal distance from each other is specified in a timeline,then dur is ignored.

The anchor element (see 16.4 Correspondence and Alignment) may be used asan alternative means of aligning the start and end of timed elements,and is required when the temporal alignment involves points within anelement.

For further discussion of temporal alignment and synchronizationsee 8.4.2 Synchronization and Overlap below.

8.3.6 ShiftsTEI: Shifts¶

The values proposed here for the feature attribute arebased on those used by the Survey of English Usage (see furtherBoase 1990); this list may be revised or supplemented usingthe methods outlined in section 23.2 Personalization and Customization.

The new attribute specifies the new state of the featurefollowing the shift. If no value is specified, it is implied that thefeature concerned ceases to be remarkable at this point: the specialvalue normal may be specified to have the sameeffect.

A full definition of the sense of the values provided for eachfeature should be provided in the encoding description section of thetext header (see section 2.3 符号化解説).

8.4.1 SegmentationTEI: Segmentation¶

For some analytic purposes it may be desirable to subdivide thedivisions of a spoken text into units smaller than the individualutterance or turn. Segmentation may be performed for a number ofdifferent purposes and in terms of a variety of speech phenomena.Common examples include units defined both prosodically (by intonation,pausing, etc.) and syntactically (clauses, phrases, etc.) The termmacrosyntagm has been used by a number of researchers todefine units peculiar to speech transcripts.²⁸

These Guidelines propose that such analyses be performed in terms ofneutrally-named segments, represented by the segelement, which is discussed more fully in section 16.3 Blocks, Segments, and Anchors.This element may take a type attribute to specify the kind ofsegmentation applicable to a particular segment, if more than one ispossible in a text. A full definition of the segmentation scheme orschemes used should be provided in the segmentation element ofthe editorialDecl element in the TEI header (see 2.3.3 編集方法宣言).

When utterances are segmented end-to-end in the same way as thes-units in written texts, the s element discussed in chapter 17 簡易分析機能 may be used, either as an alternative or in addition tothe more general purpose seg element. The s elementis available without formality in all texts, but does not allow segmentsto nest within each other.

This example also uses the core elements gap anddel to mark editorial decisions concerning matter completelyomitted from the transcript (because of inaudibility), and words whichhave been transcribed but which the transcriber wishes to exclude fromthe segment because they are repeated, respectively. Seesection 3.4 簡単な編集上の変更 for a discussion of these and relatedelements.

8.4.2 Synchronization and OverlapTEI: Synchronization and Overlap¶

For a full discussion of this and related mechanisms, section 16.5.2 Placing Synchronous Events in Time should be consulted. The rest of the presentsection, which should be read in conjunction with that more detaileddiscussion, presents a number of ways in which these mechanisms may beapplied to the specific problem of representing temporal alignment,synchrony, or overlap in transcribing spoken texts.

In the simple example above, the first utterance (that withidentifier u1) contains an anchor element, the function ofwhich is simply to mark a point within it. The synchattribute associated with this anchor point specifies the identifiers ofthe other two elements which are to be synchronized with it:specifically, the second utterance (u2) and the kinesic (k1). Note thatone of these elements has content and the other is empty.

This example demonstrates only a way of indicating a point within oneutterance at which it can be synchronized with another utterance and akinesic. For more complex kinds of alignment, involving possiblymultiple synchronization points, an additional element is provided,known as a timeline. This consists of a series ofwhen elements, each representing a point in time, and bearingattributes which indicate its exact temporal position relative to otherelements in the same timeline, in addition to the sequencing implied byits position within it.

One or more such timelines may be specified within a spoken text, tosuit the encoder's convenience. If more than one is supplied, theorigin attribute may be used on each to specify which othertimeline element it follows. The unit attributeindicates the units used for timings given on when elementscontained by the alignment map. Alternatively, to avoid the need tospecify times explicitly, the interval attribute may be usedto indicate that all the when elements in a time line are afixed distance apart.

Note that in each case, although Bob's utterance follows Tom'ssequentially in the text, it is aligned temporally with its middle,without any need to disrupt the normal syntax of the text.

8.4.3 Regularization of Word FormsTEI: Regularization of Word Forms¶

When speech is transcribed using ordinary orthographic notation, asis customary, some compromise must be made between the sounds producedand conventional orthography. Particularly when dealing with informal,dialectal, or other varieties of language, the transcriber willfrequently have to decide whether a particular sound is to be treated asa distinct vocabulary item or not. For example, while in a givenproject kinda may not be worth distinguishing as avocabulary item from kind of, isn't mayclearly be worth distinguishing from is not; for somepurposes, the regional variant isnae might also be worthdistinguishing in the same way.

One rule of thumb might be to allow such variation only where agenerally accepted orthographic form exists, for example, in publisheddictionaries of the language register being encoded; this has thedisadvantage that such dictionaries may not exist. Another is tomaintain a controlled (but extensible) set of normalized forms for allsuch words; this has the advantage of enforcing some degree ofconsistency among different transcribers. Occasionally, as for examplewhen transcribing abbreviations or acronyms, it may be felt necessary todepart from conventional spelling to distinguish between cases where theabbreviation is spelled out letter by letter (e.g. B B Cor V A T) and where it is pronounced as a single word(VAT or RADA). Similar considerationsmight apply to pronunciation of foreign words(e.g. Monsewer vs. Monsieur).

In general, use of punctuation, capitalization, etc., in spokentranscripts should be carefully controlled. It is important todistinguish the transcriber's intuition as to what the punctuationshould be from the marking of prosodic features such as pausing,intonation, etc.

Whatever practice is adopted, it is essential that it be clearly andfully documented in the editorial declarations section of the header.It may also be found helpful to include normalized forms ofnon-conventional spellings within the text, using the elements forsimple editorial changes described in section 3.4 簡単な編集上の変更 (seefurther section 8.4.5 Speech Management).

8.4.4 ProsodyTEI: Prosody¶

In the absence of conventional punctuation, the marking of prosodicfeatures assumes paramount importance, since these structure andorganize the spoken message. Indeed, such prosodic features as pointsof primary or secondary stress may be represented by specializedpunctuation marks. Pauses have already been dealt with in section8.3.2 Pausing; while tone units (or intonational phrases)can be indicated by the segmentation tag discussed in section8.4.1 Segmentation. The shift element discussed in section 8.3.6 Shifts may also be used to encode some prosodic features, for example where allthat is required is the ability to record shifts in voice quality.

In a more detailed phonological transcript, it is common practiceto include a number of conventional signs to mark prosodic features ofthe surrounding or (more usually) preceding speech. Such signs may beused to record, for example, particular intonation patterns,truncation, vowel quality (long or short) etc. These signs may bepreserved in a transcript either by using conventional punctuation orby marking their presence by g elements. Where a transcriptincludes many phonetic or phonemic aspects, it will generally beconvenient to use a specialized writing system in this way (seefurther chapters vi 言語と文字集合 and 5 Representation of Non-standard Characters and Glyphs. Forrepresentation of phonemic information, the use of the InternationalPhonetic Alphabet, which can be represented in Unicode characters, isrecommended.

This example, which is taken from a corpus of bookshop serviceencounters, also demonstrates the use of the unclear and gapelements discussed in section 3.4 簡単な編集上の変更. Where words are sounclear that only their extent can be recorded, the empty gapelement may be used; where the encoder can identify the words but wishesto record a degree of uncertainty about their accuracy, theunclear element may be used. More flexible and detailedmethods of indicating uncertainty are discussed in chapter 21 確信度・責任.

For more detailed work, involving a detailed phonological transcriptincluding representation of stress and pitch patterns, it is probablybest to maintain the prosodic description in parallel with theconventional written transcript, rather than attempt to embed detailedprosodic information within it. The two parallel streams may be alignedwith each other and with other streams, for example an acousticencoding, using the general alignment mechanisms discussed in section8.3.6 Shifts.

8.4.5 Speech ManagementTEI: Speech Management¶

Phenomena of speech management include disfluencies suchas filled and unfilled pauses, interrupted or repeated words,corrections, and reformulations as well as interactional devices askingfor or providing feedback. Depending on the importance attached to suchfeatures, transcribers may choose to adopt conventionalizedrepresentations for them (as discussed in section 8.4.3 Regularization of Word Formsabove), or to transcribe them using IPA or some other transcriptionsystem. To simplify analysis of the lexical features of a speechtranscript, it may be felt useful to ‘tidy away’ manyof these disfluencies. Where this policy has been adopted, theseGuidelines recommend the use of the tags for simple editorialintervention discussed in section 3.4 簡単な編集上の変更, to make explicitthe extent of regularization or normalization performed by thetranscriber.

8.4.6 Analytic CodingTEI: Analytic Coding¶

The recommendations made here only concern the establishment of abasic text. Where a more sophisticated analysis is needed, moresophisticated methods of markup will also be appropriate, for example,using stand-off markup to indicate multiple segmentation of thestream of discourse, or complex alignment of several segments within it.Where additional annotations (sometimes called‘codes’ or ‘tags’) are used torepresent such features as linguistic word class (noun, verb, etc.),type of speech act (imperative, concessive, etc.), or information status(theme/rheme, given/new, active/semi-active/new), etc., a selection fromthe general purpose analytic tools discussed in chapters 16 Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment, 17 簡易分析機能, and 18 素性構造, may be used toadvantage.