付録 F 序文記
Contents
付録 F.1 Prefatory Note (March 2002)TEI: Prefatory Note (March 2002)¶
- is expressed in XML and conforms to a TEI-conformant XML DTD;
- generates a set of DTD fragments that can be combined together to form either SGML or XML document type definitions;
- corrects blatant errors, typographical mishaps, and other egregious editorial oversights;
- can be processed and maintained using readily available XML tools instead of the special-purpose ad hoc software originally used for TEI P3.
A second major design goal of this revision has been to ensure that the DTD fragments generated would not break existing documents: in other words, that any document conforming to the original TEI P3 SGML DTD would also conform to the new XML version of it. Although full backwards compatibility cannot be guaranteed, we believe our implementation is consistent with that goal.
In most respects, the TEI Guidelines have stood the test of time remarkablywell. The present edition makes no substantial attempt to rewrite those few partsof them which have now been rendered obsolete by changes since theirfirst publication, though an indication is given in the text of where such rewriting isnow considered necessary. Neither does the present version attempt toaddress any of the many possible new areas of digital activity in whichthe TEI approach to standardization may have something to offer. Boththese tasks require the existence of an informed and active TEICouncil to direct and validate such extension and maintenance work,in response to the changing needs and priorities of the TEI user community.
Two exceptions to the above principles may be cited: firstly, thechapter which originally provided a ‘GentleIntroduction’ to SGML has been completely rewritten toprovide a similarly gentle introduction to XML; secondly the chapteron character sets has been completely revised in light of theclose connexion between Unicode and XML. The editors gratefullyacknowledge the assistance of the ad hoc workgroup chaired by ChristianWittern, which undertook to provide expert advice and correction atvery short notice, in the latter task.
The preparation of this new version relied extensively onpreliminary work carried out by the former North American editor ofthe TEI Guidelines, C.M. Sperberg-McQueen. In a TEI working paperwritten in 19991 he sketchedout a precise blueprint for the conversion of the TEI from SGML toXML, which we have implemented, with only slight modification.
The Editors would also like to express thanks to theteam of volunteers from the TEI community who helped us with the taskof proof reading the first draft during the summer of 2001; and to Sebastian Rahtz of Oxford University Computing Services, without whose skill and enthusiasm this new edition would not have been possible.
A substantial proportion of the work of preparing this new edition wasfunded with the assistance of a grant from the US NationalEndowment for the Humanities, whose continued support of the TEI hasalso been crucial to the effort of setting up the TEIコンソーシアム.
Finally, we would like to thank all our colleagues on the interimmanagement board of the TEIコンソーシアム, in particular its ChairmanJohn Unsworth, for their continued support ofthe TEI's work, and their willingness to devote effort to thedifficult task of overseeing its transition to a new organizationalinfrastructure.
Summary details of the changes made in the present and previouseditions are given in their Prefatory 注釈, all of which are nowreproduced in an 付録 to the present edition: see 付録 F Prefatory 注釈.
Lou Burnard and Syd Bauman (TEI Editors)Oxford and Providence, March 2002.
付録 F.2 Introductory Note (November 2001)TEI: Introductory Note (November 2001)¶
To complete the work started in June of this year, the TEI Editorsasked for volunteers from the TEI community to proof-read the preliminary XMLversion. 24 volunteers responded to this call during August, and gave invaluable help both by identifyinga number of previously un-noticed errors, and by suggesting areas inwhich more substantial revision should be undertaken in thefuture. The Editors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the followingindividuals during this exercise:
Jimmy Adair,Syd Bauman,Michael Beddow,Steven Bird,Lisa Charlong, Matthew Driscoll,Patrick Durusau,Tomaz Erjavec,Nick Finke,Tim Finney,Julia Flanders,Mike Fraser,Pankaj Kamthan,François Lachance,Terry Langendoen,Anne Mahoney,Gregory Murphy,Daniel Pitti,Rafal Prinke,Laurent Romary,Stewart Russell,Gary Simons,Elisabeth Solopova,Christian Wittern, Martin Wynne.
- Formal Public Identifiers have been introduced as a means ofconstructing TEI DTDs and an SGML Open Catalog is now included with thestandard release;
- Some systematic errors and omissions in the reference sectionhave been removed; the format of this section has been substantially changed, wehope for the better;
- The chapters on obtaining the TEI DTDs and WSDs have beenbrought up to date; the chapter on modification has been expanded toinclude a discussion of the TEI Lite customization;
- All examples and cited markup has been checked for XML validityagainst the published DTDs, and corrected where faulty; examples havebeen formatted in a (more or less) consistent style.
Lou Burnard and Syd Bauman (Editors)
Oxford and Providence, November 2001.
付録 F.3 Introductory Note (June 2001)TEI: Introductory Note (June 2001)¶
This is a preliminary version of a revised and fully XML-compliantedition of the TEI Guidelines. Although work on revising andcorrecting the text of the document is incomplete, by makingavailable this preliminary version we hope to facilitate testing ofthe XML document type declarations which it describes by as wide arange of TEI users as possible.
- is expressed in XML and itself conforms to a TEI-conformant XML DTD;
- generates a set of XML DTD fragments that can be combined together in the same way as the existing TEI (P3) SGML DTD fragments to form true TEI XML DTD fragments without loss of functionality;
- can be processed and maintained using readily available XML tools instead of the special-purpose ad hoc software originally used for TEI P3.
A major design goal of both this and the previous revision has been to ensure that the DTD fragments generated would not break existing documents: in other words, that any document conforming to the original TEI P3 SGML DTD would also conform to the new XML version of it. Although full backwards compatibility cannot be guaranteed, we believe our implementation is consistent with that goal.
In making this new version, we relied extensively on preliminary work carried out by the outgoing North American editor of the TEI Guidelines, Michael Sperberg-McQueen. In a TEI working paper written in 1999, TEI ED W69, Michael sketched out a precise blueprint for the conversion of the TEI from SGML to XML, which we have implemented, with only slight modification. The current TEI editors wish to express here our admiration for the detailed care put into that paper, without which our task would have been forbiddingly difficult, if not impossible. We would also like to express our thanks to Sebastian Rahtz of Oxford University Computing Services, for his invaluable assistance in preparing this new edition.
- A new keyword TEI.XML has been added. By settingits value to INCLUDE, rather than the default IGNORE,the user can request generation of an XML rather than an SGML DTD;
- The content models of all elements have been checked, and, wherenecessary, changed so that they are equally valid as SGML or asXML;
- The declared value for all attributes has been changed to a formwhich is equally valid as SGML or as XML;
- All the examples have been checked for conformance and converted touse XML syntax, where possible. (This process is currently incomplete.)
- Some errors and duplications in the classmembership of elements from the names and dates tagsets have been corrected.
To implement the first of these, we have parameterized thetag omissibility indicators ‘- o’ and ‘- -’used within element declarations in the DTD. When XML is to begenerated, the parameter entities concerned are redeclared with the nullstring as their value.
The second change was achieved by removing SGML-specific features(ampersand connectors, inclusion and exclusion exceptions, varioustypes of attribute content) from the DTD and revising the syntax ofthe DTD to conform to XML requirements (specifically in therepresentation of mixed-content models, and by removing redundantparentheses). In making these changes, we took care to ensure that theresulting content model would continue to accept existing validdocuments, though in the nature of things it could not be guaranteedto reject the same set of documents. As further discussed in EDW69 andEDW70, some constraints (exclusion exceptions, for example) whichcould be carried out by a generic SGML parser using TEI P3 will haveto be implemented by a special purpose TEI validator using TEIP4.
Much work remains to be done, firstly in testing the new DTDfragments against as wide a range of TEI materials as possible,secondly in revising the discussion of markup theory and practicewithin the text to reflect current thinking. A few sections of thecurrent text (the Gentle Introduction to SGML and the discussion ofExtended Pointer syntax are two examples) will need substantialrewriting. For the most part, however, we think the Guidelines havestood the test of time well and can be recommended to a new generation oftext encoders scarcely born at the time they were first formulated.
Lou Burnard and Steve De Rose (Editors)
Oxford and Providence, May 2001.
付録 F.4 Introductory Note (May 1999)TEI: Introductory Note (May 1999)¶
No work of the size and complexity of the TEIGuidelines could reasonably be expected to be error-free onpublication, nor to remain long uncorrected. It has however taken rather longerthan might have been anticipated to complete production of the presentcorrected reprint of the first edition, for which we present our apologies,both to the many individuals and institutions whose enthusiastic adoption andpromotion of the TEI encoding scheme have ensured its continued survival in therapidly changing world of digital scholarship, and also to the many helpfullycritical users whose assiduous uncovering and reporting of our errors have madepossible the present revision.
At its first meeting in Bergen, in June 1996, the TEI Technical ReviewCommittee (TRC) approved the setting up of a small working committee to oversee theproduction of a revised edition of the TEIGuidelines, to include corrections of as many as possible of the`corrigible errors' notified to the editors since publicationof the first edition in May 1994, the bulk of which are summarized in a TEIworking paper (TEI EDW67, available from the TEI website).
During the spring of 1997, this TRC Core Subcommittee reviewed nearly 200comments and proposals which the editors had collected from public debate anddiscussion over the preceding two years, and provided invaluable technicalguidance in disposition of them. We are glad to take this opportunity ofexpressing our thanks to this subcommittee, whose members were Elli Mylonas,Dominic Dunlop, and David T. Barnard.
The work of making the corrections and regenerating the text proceeded rather fitfully during 1998 and 1999, largely because of increasing demands on the editors' time from their other responsibilities. With the establishment of the new TEIコンソーシアム, it is be hoped that maintenance of the Guidelines will be placed on a more secure footing. Some specific areas in which we anticipate future revisions being carried out are listed below.
付録 F.4.1 Typographic corrections madeTEI: Typographic corrections made¶
- examples of TEI markup throughout the text were all checked against the relevant DTD fragment and an embarassingly large number of tagging errors corrected;
- various minor typographic and spelling errors were corrected;
- the ‘corrigible errors’ listed in working paper TEI EDW67 were all corrected: some of these required specific changes to the DTD which are listed in the next section.
付録 F.4.2 Specific changes in the DTDTEI: Specific changes in the DTD¶
A major goal of this revision was to avoid changes which might invalidate existing data, even where existing constructs seemed erroneous in retrospect. To that end, wherever changes have been made in content models for existing elements, they have as far as possible been made so that the DTD will now accept a superset of what was previously legal. Only one new element (ab) has been added.
Where possible, a few content models have been changed in such a way as to facilitate conversion to XML, but XML compatibility is not a goal of this revision.
- Several changes were made in class membership, in order to correct unreachability problems. Specifically:
- elements geogName, persName, placeName were added to the m.data class;
- geogName and placeName were removed from the m.placepart class;
- the elements addSpan, delSpan, gap, were added to the m.Edit class;
- a new class m.editIncl was defined, with members addSpan, delSpan, and gap; this class was then added to the global inclusion classm.globIncl along with anchor (erroneously a member of them.Seg class, from which it is now removed), m.metadata and m.refsys;
- added name element to m.addrPart class;
- added dateLine to m.divtop and m.divbot classes;
- added epilogue and castList to m.dramafront class;
- added divGen to m.front class;
- added dateLine to m.divtop and m.divtop classes;
- added u element to a.declaring class;
- defined new class m.fmchunk (front matter chunk), comprising argument, byline, docAuthor, docDate, docEdition, docImprint, docTitle, epigraph, head, and titlePart for use in simplification of the content model for front element;
- defined new element ab (anonymous block), and added it to the m.chunk class;
- corrected an error whereby global attributes were not properly defined for elements specifying a non-default value for any of the a.global attributes: elements affected include: foreign, hi, del, pb, lb, cb, language, anchor, and when;
- changed content models to permit empty list and empty availability elements;
- changed content model for series element to permit #PCDATA;
- changed content model for setting element to permit date element as a direct child;
- added a key attribute to the distance element, for consistency with other elements in its class;
- changed content model for orgName element to make it more consistent with e.g. persname;
- changed content model for opener element to include argument, byLine, and epigraph;
- changed content models for app, rdgGrp, and wit elements;
- revised attributes on hand element.
付録 F.4.3 Outstanding errorsTEI: Outstanding errors¶
A small number of other known problems remain uncorrected in this version and are briefly listed below. Please watch the TEI mailing list for announcements of their correction.
- elements of class inter don't always behave as they should (e.g. one cannot insert a table before anything else in a div);
- some mixed-content problems consequent on the definition of macro.specialPara need to be addressed systematically; in particular, the treatment of list items or notes which contain several paragraphs continues to surprise many users: no white space is allowed between the paragraphs;
- the resp attributes on editorial elements are not consistently defined;
- the discussions of DTD invocation, and the DTD itself, all use system identifiers instead of formal public identifiers.
Our next priority however will be the production of a fully XML-compliant version of the TEI DTD, work on which is already well advanced.
C.M. Sperberg McQueen and Lou Burnard, May 1999
付録 F.5 Preface (April 1994)TEI: Preface (April 1994)¶
These Guidelines are the result of over five years' effort bymembers of the research and academic community within theframework of an international cooperative project called the TextEncoding Initiative (TEI), established in 1987 under the jointsponsorship of the Association for Computers and the Humanities,the Association for Computational Linguistics, and the Associationfor Literary and Linguistic Computing.
The impetus for the project came from the humanities computingcommunity, which sought a common encoding scheme for complex textualstructures in order to reduce the diversity of existing encodingpractices, simplify processing by machine, and encourage the sharing ofelectronic texts. It soon became apparent that a sufficiently flexiblescheme could provide solutions for text encoding problems generally. Thescope of the TEI was therefore broadened to meet the varied encodingrequirements of any discipline or application. Thus, the TEI became theonly systematized attempt to develop a fully general text encoding modeland set of encoding conventions based upon it, suitable for processingand analysis of any type of text, in any language, and intended to servethe increasing range of existing (and potential) applications and use.
What is published here is a major milestone in this effort. Itprovides a single, coherent framework for all kinds of text encodingwhich is hardware-, software- and application-independent. Within thisframework, it specifies encoding conventions for a number of key texttypes and features. The ongoing work of the TEI is to extend thescheme presented here to cover additional text types and features, aswell as to continue to refine its encoding recommendations on thebasis of extensive experience with their actual application and use.
We therefore offer these Guidelines to the user community for use inthe same spirit of active collaboration and cooperation with whichthey have so far been developed. The TEI is committed to activelysupporting the wide-spread and large-scale use of the Guidelineswhich, with the publication of this volume, is now for the first timepossible. In addition, we anticipate that users of the TEI Guidelineswill in some instances adapt and extend them as necessary to suitparticular needs; we invite such users to engage in the furtherdevelopment of the Guidelines by working with us as they do so.
Like any standard which is actually used, these Guidelines do notrepresent a static finished work, but rather one which will evolveover time with the active involvement of its community of users. Weinvite and encourage the participation of the the user community inthis process, in order to ensure that the TEI Guidelines become andremain useful in all sorts of work with machine-readable texts.
This document was made possible in part by financial support fromthe U.S. National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federalagency; Directorate General XIII of the Commission of the EuropeanCommunities; the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation; and the Social Scienceand Humanities Research Council of Canada. Direct and indirect supporthas also been received from the University of Illinois at Chicago,the Oxford University Computing Services, the University of Arizona,the University of Oslo and Queen's University (Kingston, Ont.),and Ohio State University.
- Berger-Levrault AIS s.a. (for Balise);
- E2S n.v. (for E2S Advanced SGML Editor);
- Electronic Book Technology (for DynaText);
- SEMA Group and Yard Software (for Mark-It and Write-It);
- Software Exoterica (for CheckMark and Xtran);
- SoftQuad, Inc., (for Author/Editor and RulesBuilder);
- WordPerfect Corporation (for Intellitag);
- Xerox Corporation (for Ventura Publisher).
Details of the software actually used to produce the current documentare given in the colophon at the end of the work.
付録 F.6 AcknowledgmentsTEI: Acknowledgments¶
Many people have given of their time, energy, expertise, and supportin the creation of this document; it is unfortunately not possible tothank them all adequately. Below are listed those who have served asformal members of the TEI's Work Groups and Working Committees duringits six-year history; others not so officially enfranchised alsocontributed much to the quality of the result.
The editors take this opportunity to acknowledge our debt to thosewho have patiently endured and corrected our misunderstandings of theirwork; we hope that they will feel the wait has not been in vain. Forany errors and inconsistencies remaining, we must accept responsibility;any virtue in what is here presented, we gladly ascribe to the energiesof the keen intellects listed below.
C. M. Sperberg McQueen and Lou Burnard
付録 F.6.1 TEI Working Committees (1990-1993)TEI: TEI Working Committees (1990-1993)¶
(Not all members listed were able to serve throughout the developmentof the Guidelines.)- Committee on Text Documentation:
Chair: Dominik Wujastyk (Wellcome Institute for the History ofMedicine)
Members 1990–1992: J. D. Byrum (Library of Congress);Marianne Gaunt (Rutgers University);Richard Giordano (Manchester University);Barbara Ann Kipfer (Independent Consultant);Hans J⊘rgen Marker (Danish Data Archive, Odense);Marcia Taylor (University of Essex);
- Committee on Text Representation
Chair: Stig Johansson (University of Oslo)
Members 1990–1992: Roberto Cencioni (Commission of the EuropeanCommunities);David R. Chesnutt (University of South Carolina);Robin C. Cover (Dallas Theological Seminary);Steven J. DeRose (Electronic Book Technology Inc);David G. Durand (Boston University);Susan M. Hockey (Oxford University Computing Service);Claus Huitfeldt (University of Bergen);Francisco Marcos-Marin (University Madrid);Elli Mylonas (Harvard University);Wilhelm Ott (University of Tübingen);Allen H. Renear (Brown University);Manfred Thaller (Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte,Göttingen)
- Committee on Text Analysis and Interpretation
Chair: D. Terence Langendoen (University of Arizona)
Members 1990–1992:Robert Amsler (Bell Communications Research);Stephen Anderson (Johns Hopkins University);Branimir Boguraev (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center);Nicoletta Calzolari (University of Pisa);Robert Ingria (Bolt Beranek Newman Inc);Winfried Lenders (University of Bonn);Mitch Marcus (University of Pennsylvania);Nelleke Oostdijk (University of Nijmegen);William Poser (Stanford University);Beatrice Santorini (University of Pennsylvania);Gary Simons (Summer Institute of Linguistics);Antonio Zampolli, University of Pisa.
- Committee on Metalanguage and Syntax
Chair: David T. Barnard (Queen's University)
Members 1990–1994: David G. Durand (Boston University);Jean-Pierre Gaspart (Associated Consultants andSoftware Engineers sa/nv);Nancy M. Ide (Vassar College);Lynne A. Price (Software Exoterica / Xerox PARC);Frank Tompa (University of Waterloo);Giovanni Battista Varile (Commission of the European Communities).
In addition, the two TEI editors served ex officio on eachcommittee.
Following publication of the first draft of the TEI Guidelines (P1)in November 1990, a number of specialist work groups were charged withresponsibility for drafting revisions and extensions, which, togetherwith material already presented in P1, constitute the basis of thepresent work.
- TR1 Character sets
- Chair: Harry Gaylord* (University of Groningen);Syun Tutiya* (Chiba University).
- TR2 Text criticism
- Chair: Peter Robinson* (Oxford University);David Chesnutt* (University of South Carolina);Robin Cover* (Dallas Theological Seminary);Robert Kraft (University of Pennsylvania);Peter Shillingsburg (Mississippi State University).
- TR3 Hypertext and hypermedia
- Chair: Steven J. DeRose* (Electronic Book Technologies Inc);David Durand (Boston University);Edward A. Fox (Virginia State University); Eve Wilson (University ofKent).
- TR4 Formulæ, Tables, figures, and graphics
- Chair: Paul Ellison* (University of Exeter);Anders Berglund (Independent Consultant); Dale Waldt (ThompsonProfessional Publishing).
- TR6 Language corpora
- Chair: Douglas Biber* (University of Northern Arizona);Jeremy Clear (Birmingham University);Gunnel Engwall (University of Stockholm).
- TR9 Manuscripts and codicology
- Chair: Claus Huitfeldt* (University of Bergen);Dino Buzzetti (University of Bologna);Jacqueline Hamesse (University of Louvain);Mary Keeler (Georgetown University);Christian Kloesel (Indiana University);Allen Renear* (Brown University);Donald Spaeth (Glasgow University).
- TR10 韻文
- Chair: David Robey* (University of Manchester);Elaine Brennan* (Brown University);David Chisholm (University of Arizona);Willard McCarty (University of Toronto).
- TR11 Drama and performance texts
- Chair: Elli Mylonas* (Harvard University);John Lavagnino* (Brandeis University);Rosanne Potter (University of Iowa).
- TR12 Literary prose
- Chair Thomas N. Corns* (University of Wales);Christian Delcourt (University of Liège).
- AI1 Linguistic description
- Chair: D. Terence Langendoen* (University of Arizona);Stephen R. Anderson (Johns Hopkins University);Nicoletta Calzolari (University of Pisa);Geoffrey Sampson* (University of Sussex);Gary Simons* (Summer Institute of Linguistics).
- AI2 Spoken text
- Chair: Stig Johansson* (University of Oslo);Jane Edwards (University of California at Berkeley);Andrew Rosta (University College London).
- AI3 Literary studies
- Chair: Paul Fortier* (University of Manitoba);Christian Delcourt (University of Liège;);Ian Lancashire (University of Toronto);Rosanne Potter (University of Iowa);David Robey* (University of Manchester).
- AI4 Historical studies
- Chair: Daniel Greenstein* (University of Glasgow);Peter Denley (Queen Mary Westfield College, London);Ingo Kropac (University of Graz);Hans J⊘rgen Marker (Danish Data Archive, Odense);Jan Oldervoll (University of Troms⊘);Kevin Schurer (University of Cambridge);Donald Spaeth (Glasgow University);Manfred Thaller (Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte,Göttingen).2
- AI5 Print dictionaries
- Chairs: Robert Amsler* (Bell Communications Research) andNicoletta Calzolari (University of Pisa);Susan Armstrong-Warwick (University of Geneva);John Fought (University of Pennsylvania);Louise Guthrie (University of New Mexico);Nancy M. Ide* (Vassar College);Frank Tompa (University of Waterloo);Carol Van Ess-Dykema (US Department of Defense);Jean Veronis (University of Aix-en-Provence).
- AI6 Machine lexica
- Chair: Robert Ingria* (Bolt Beranek Newman Inc);Susan Armstrong-Warwick (University of Geneva);Nicoletta Calzolari (University of Pisa).
- AI7 Terminological data
- Chair: Alan Melby* (Brigham Young University)Gerhard Budin (University of Vienna);Gregory Shreve (Kent State University);Richard Strehlow (Oak Ridge National Laboratory);Sue Ellen Wright (Kent State University).
付録 F.6.2 Advisory BoardTEI: Advisory Board¶
- American Anthropological Association:
- Chad McDaniel (University of Maryland).
- American Historical Association:
- Elizabeth A. R. Brown (Brooklyn College, CUNY).
- American Philological Association:
- Jocelyn Penny Small (Rutgers University).
- American Philosophical Association:
- Allen Renear (Brown University).
- American Society for Information Science:
- Clifford A. Lynch (University of California).
- Association for Computing Machinery, Special Interest Group forInformation Retrieval:
- 1989–93: Scott Deerwester (University of Chicago); 1993- :Martha Evens (Illinois Institute of Technology).
- Association for Documentary Editing:
- David Chesnutt (University of South Carolina).
- Association for History and Computing:
- 1989–91: Manfred Thaller, Max-Planck-Institut fürGeschichte, Göttingen; 1991- : Daniel Greenstein (GlasgowUniversity).
- Association Internationale Bible et Informatique
- 1989–93: Wilhelm Ott (University of Tübingen); 1993- :Winfried Bader (University of Tübingen).
- Canadian Linguistic Association:
- Anne-Maria di Sciullo (Université du Québecà Montréal)
- Dictionary Society of North America:
- Barbara Ann Kipfer (Independent Consultant).
- AAP Electronic Publishing Special Interest Group:
- 1989–92: Betsy Kiser (OCLC); 1992- :Deborah Bendig and Andrea Keyhani (OCLC).
- International Federation of Library Associations andInstitutions:
- J. D. Byrum Jr. (The Library of Congress).
- Linguistic Society of America:
- Stephen Anderson (The Johns Hopkins University)
- Modern Language Association:
- Randall Jones (Brigham Young University) andIan Lancashire (University of Toronto).
付録 F.6.3 Steering Committee MembershipTEI: Steering Committee Membership¶
- Association for Computational Linguistics:
- 1987–1993: Robert A. Amsler (Bell Communications Research);
- 1987–1993: Donald E. Walker (Bell Communications Research);
- 1993–1994: Susan Armstrong-Warwick (University of Geneva);
- 1994–1999: Judith Klavans (Columbia University).
- Association for Computers and the Humanities:
- 1987–1999: Nancy M. Ide (Vassar College);
- 1987–1994: C. M. Sperberg-McQueen (University of Illinois atChicago);
- 1994–1999: David Barnard (Queen's University).
- Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing:
- 1987–1999: Susan M. Hockey (Center for Electronic Texts in theHumanities);
- 1987–1999: Antonio Zampolli (University of Pisa).